See obywatel on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obywatel świata"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obywatel ziemski"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obywatelczuk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obywatelizna"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obywatelstwo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "pierwszy obywatel"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "współobywatel"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "òbëwatel"
},
{
"lang": "Silesian",
"lang_code": "szl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ôbywatel"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "cs:obyvatel<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Boryś, Wiesław (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2005), “obywatel”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, <small>→ISBN</small></span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Mańczak, Witold (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2017), “obywatel”, in <cite>Polski słownik etymologiczny</cite> (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, <small>→ISBN</small></span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Bańkowski, Andrzej (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2000), “obywatel”, in <cite>Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language</cite>] (in Polish)</span></span>>",
"etydate": "r,1511,1540<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, <span style=\"cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted currentcolor\" title=\"[[w:pl:Stanisław Rospond (językoznawca)|Stanisław Rospond]], [[w:Witold Taszycki]], [[w:pl:Stefan Hrabec|Stefan Hrabec]], [[w:pl:Władysław Kuraszkiewicz|Władysław Kuraszkiewicz]]\">et al., editors (2010-2023), “obywatel”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>>",
"text": "+",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi\nProto-Balto-Slavic *ab\nProto-Slavic *o(b)\nCzech o-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *-t\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *bỳti\nProto-Slavic *-vati\nProto-Slavic *byvati\nCzech bývat\nCzech obývat\nProto-Indo-European *-tḗr?\nProto-Slavic *-jь?\nProto-Slavic *-teľь\nCzech -tel\nCzech obyvatelbor.\nPolish obywatel\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₃ebʰi\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*ab\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*o(b)\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Czech\", \"term\" : \"o-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cs\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to be\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to be\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"become\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"be\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰuH-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-t\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰúHt\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"be\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"be\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₁es-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₁ésti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*bū́ˀtei\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*bỳti\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"redlink\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-vati\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*byvati\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Czech\", \"term\" : \"bývat\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cs\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Czech\", \"term\" : \"obývat\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cs\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tḗr\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"id\" : \"deverbal\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-jь\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-teľь\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Czech\", \"term\" : \"-tel\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cs\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Czech\", \"term\" : \"obyvatel\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cs\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"obywatel\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"obywatel\">\nBorrowed from Czech obyvatel. First attested in 1511–1540.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Displaced"
},
"expansion": "Displaced",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-mpl",
"2": "obywaciel",
"3": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"t": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle Polish obywaciel",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-mpl",
"2": "obywaciel"
},
"expansion": "Displaced Middle Polish obywaciel",
"name": "displaced"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "obyvateľ"
},
"expansion": "Slovak obyvateľ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "обыва́тель"
},
"expansion": "Russian обыва́тель (obyvátelʹ)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi\nProto-Balto-Slavic *ab\nProto-Slavic *o(b)\nCzech o-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *-t\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *bỳti\nProto-Slavic *-vati\nProto-Slavic *byvati\nCzech bývat\nCzech obývat\nProto-Indo-European *-tḗr?\nProto-Slavic *-jь?\nProto-Slavic *-teľь\nCzech -tel\nCzech obyvatelbor.\nPolish obywatel\nBorrowed from Czech obyvatel. First attested in 1511–1540. Displaced Middle Polish obywaciel due to Czech and Ukrainian influence. Compare Slovak obyvateľ, Russian обыва́тель (obyvátelʹ).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "obywatelka",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelski",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "obywateli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "obywateli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr",
"adj": "obywatelski",
"f": "obywatelka"
},
"expansion": "obywatel m pers (female equivalent obywatelka, related adjective obywatelski)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"o‧by‧wa‧tel"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"o‧by‧wa‧tel"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obywate",
"2": "l"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "obyty"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "obywatelsko"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obycie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obywatelskość"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"perfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "obyć"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "obywać"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"citizen (legally-recognized subject or national of a state, with associated rights and obligations; a person considered in terms of this role)"
],
"id": "en-obywatel-pl-noun-gR5S5Xd2",
"links": [
[
"citizen",
"citizen"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "obywaciel"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"citizen (resident of a city or town, especially one with legally-recognized rights or duties)"
],
"id": "en-obywatel-pl-noun-FZW1f1fg",
"links": [
[
"citizen",
"citizen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) citizen (resident of a city or town, especially one with legally-recognized rights or duties)"
],
"tags": [
"literary",
"masculine",
"person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 6 86",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 15 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 18 70",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 15 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 13 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 12 74",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 4 88",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 4 88",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 4 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 82",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 2 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 5 87",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 4 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 6 88",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Male people",
"orig": "pl:Male people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
22
]
],
"english": "Citizens (both genders) of the Polish People's Republic! I am addressing you today as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government.",
"ref": "13 December 1981, Wojciech Jaruzelski, “Declaration of Martial Law”:",
"text": "Obywatelki i obywatele Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej!\nZwracam się dziś do Was jako żołnierz i jako szef rządu polskiego.",
"translation": "Citizens (both genders) of the Polish People's Republic! I am addressing you today as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"term of respect used for men chiefly during the Polish People's Republic era"
],
"id": "en-obywatel-pl-noun-oNPALoy9",
"links": [
[
"Polish People's Republic",
"w:Polish People's Republic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) term of respect used for men chiefly during the Polish People's Republic era"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pan"
}
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɔ.bɘˈva.tɛl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɔ.bɨˈva.tel/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-atɛl"
}
],
"word": "obywatel"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Polish 4-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology texts",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with etymon",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Czech",
"Polish terms derived from Czech",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/atɛl",
"Rhymes:Polish/atɛl/4 syllables",
"pl:Male people"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obywatel świata"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obywatel ziemski"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obywatelczuk"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obywatelizna"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obywatelstwo"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "pierwszy obywatel"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "współobywatel"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "òbëwatel"
},
{
"lang": "Silesian",
"lang_code": "szl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ôbywatel"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "cs:obyvatel<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Boryś, Wiesław (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2005), “obywatel”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, <small>→ISBN</small></span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Mańczak, Witold (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2017), “obywatel”, in <cite>Polski słownik etymologiczny</cite> (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, <small>→ISBN</small></span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Bańkowski, Andrzej (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2000), “obywatel”, in <cite>Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language</cite>] (in Polish)</span></span>>",
"etydate": "r,1511,1540<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, <span style=\"cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted currentcolor\" title=\"[[w:pl:Stanisław Rospond (językoznawca)|Stanisław Rospond]], [[w:Witold Taszycki]], [[w:pl:Stefan Hrabec|Stefan Hrabec]], [[w:pl:Władysław Kuraszkiewicz|Władysław Kuraszkiewicz]]\">et al., editors (2010-2023), “obywatel”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>>",
"text": "+",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi\nProto-Balto-Slavic *ab\nProto-Slavic *o(b)\nCzech o-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *-t\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *bỳti\nProto-Slavic *-vati\nProto-Slavic *byvati\nCzech bývat\nCzech obývat\nProto-Indo-European *-tḗr?\nProto-Slavic *-jь?\nProto-Slavic *-teľь\nCzech -tel\nCzech obyvatelbor.\nPolish obywatel\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₃ebʰi\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*ab\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*o(b)\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Czech\", \"term\" : \"o-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cs\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to be\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to be\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"become\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"be\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰuH-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-t\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰúHt\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"be\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"be\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₁es-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₁ésti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*bū́ˀtei\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*bỳti\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"redlink\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-vati\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*byvati\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Czech\", \"term\" : \"bývat\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cs\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Czech\", \"term\" : \"obývat\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cs\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tḗr\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"id\" : \"deverbal\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-jь\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-teľь\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Czech\", \"term\" : \"-tel\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cs\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Czech\", \"term\" : \"obyvatel\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cs\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"obywatel\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"obywatel\">\nBorrowed from Czech obyvatel. First attested in 1511–1540.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Displaced"
},
"expansion": "Displaced",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-mpl",
"2": "obywaciel",
"3": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"t": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle Polish obywaciel",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-mpl",
"2": "obywaciel"
},
"expansion": "Displaced Middle Polish obywaciel",
"name": "displaced"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "obyvateľ"
},
"expansion": "Slovak obyvateľ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "обыва́тель"
},
"expansion": "Russian обыва́тель (obyvátelʹ)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi\nProto-Balto-Slavic *ab\nProto-Slavic *o(b)\nCzech o-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *-t\nProto-Indo-European *bʰúHt\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei\nProto-Slavic *bỳti\nProto-Slavic *-vati\nProto-Slavic *byvati\nCzech bývat\nCzech obývat\nProto-Indo-European *-tḗr?\nProto-Slavic *-jь?\nProto-Slavic *-teľь\nCzech -tel\nCzech obyvatelbor.\nPolish obywatel\nBorrowed from Czech obyvatel. First attested in 1511–1540. Displaced Middle Polish obywaciel due to Czech and Ukrainian influence. Compare Slovak obyvateľ, Russian обыва́тель (obyvátelʹ).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "obywatelka",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelski",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "obywateli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "obywateli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatelu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "obywatele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr",
"adj": "obywatelski",
"f": "obywatelka"
},
"expansion": "obywatel m pers (female equivalent obywatelka, related adjective obywatelski)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"o‧by‧wa‧tel"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"o‧by‧wa‧tel"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obywate",
"2": "l"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "obyty"
},
{
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "obywatelsko"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obycie"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "obywatelskość"
},
{
"tags": [
"perfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "obyć"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "obywać"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"citizen (legally-recognized subject or national of a state, with associated rights and obligations; a person considered in terms of this role)"
],
"links": [
[
"citizen",
"citizen"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "obywaciel"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish literary terms"
],
"glosses": [
"citizen (resident of a city or town, especially one with legally-recognized rights or duties)"
],
"links": [
[
"citizen",
"citizen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) citizen (resident of a city or town, especially one with legally-recognized rights or duties)"
],
"tags": [
"literary",
"masculine",
"person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with historical senses",
"Polish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
22
]
],
"english": "Citizens (both genders) of the Polish People's Republic! I am addressing you today as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government.",
"ref": "13 December 1981, Wojciech Jaruzelski, “Declaration of Martial Law”:",
"text": "Obywatelki i obywatele Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej!\nZwracam się dziś do Was jako żołnierz i jako szef rządu polskiego.",
"translation": "Citizens (both genders) of the Polish People's Republic! I am addressing you today as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"term of respect used for men chiefly during the Polish People's Republic era"
],
"links": [
[
"Polish People's Republic",
"w:Polish People's Republic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) term of respect used for men chiefly during the Polish People's Republic era"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pan"
}
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɔ.bɘˈva.tɛl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɔ.bɨˈva.tel/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-atɛl"
}
],
"word": "obywatel"
}
Download raw JSONL data for obywatel meaning in All languages combined (12.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.